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Practitioners’ Insights: How did a decade of dedicated effort build China a self-reliant ‘digital track’?_我的网站

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一 | Editor's Note:
Ahead of the opening of the 2026 World AI Conference and High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance, Chinese AI start-up Moonshot AI released its Kimi K3 large language model. As the world's largest open-source model by parameter count to date, this launch marks a significant step forward in the development of China's artificial intelligence models.
From the C919 airliner soaring into the skies to Unitree's humanoid robots stealing the show; from DeepSeek pushing the AI frontier to Moonshot AI's landmark unveiling of Kimi K3 - China's wave of homegrown innovations has dominated global headlines in recent years, delivering a steady stream of breakthroughs.
At a meeting in Beijing that brought together the national science and technology award conference, the general assemblies of the members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), and the 11th national congress of the China Association for Science and Technology in July, Chinese President Xi Jinping, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, stressed that the 15th Five-Year Plan period (2026-2030) is a critical phase for tackling tough challenges in building up the country's strength in science and technology.
"We must seize the historic opportunity, rise to the challenges of the times, accelerate efforts to achieve high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and make steady progress toward the 2035 goal of becoming a leading country in science and technology," he said.
In the article "Strive for Greater Strength and Self-Reliance in Science and Technology" included in the fourth volume of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, Xi pointed out, "Through years of endeavor, our country's overall strength in science and technology has improved substantially. We therefore have a solid foundation, and are fully confident in our ability to seize the opportunities offered by the new revolution in science, technology and industry to achieve greater results." The article also mentioned that "We should participate to the full in global science and technology governance, contribute Chinese wisdom, and shape a philosophy of technology for good purposes, so that science and technology better serve human wellbeing, and enable China's science and technology industry to contribute more to building a global community of shared future."
In the 27th installment of the special series "Decoding the Book Xi Jinping: The Governance of China," the Global Times, along with the People's Daily Overseas Edition, continues to invite Chinese and foreign scholars, translators of Xi's works, practitioners with firsthand experience, and international readers to focus on the theme of striving for greater strength and self-reliance in science and technology. Together, they share views on China's tech growth, governance principles, and global cooperation in science and technology.
This is the 25th installment of "Practitioners' Insights." We turn our focus to a "digital track" laid for China's industrial internet: the Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System. A decade ago, when a research team at the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (CAICT) took on the task, the prevailing view in the industry was that it was "almost impossible." At that time, China had neither a strong voice in international standard-setting nor a deep technological foundation, yet it set out to build a self-reliant and controllable digital identity infrastructure spanning the entire industrial chain.
Today, the system's core indicators rank among the world's best, and its application scale is the largest globally. From dependence to autonomy, from "follower" to "pacesetter," the leap was made possible by the unwavering footsteps of Chinese researchers on the path toward high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening.

Photo: VCGIt was 11 pm in the laboratory, and the lights were still on. Liu Hongyan sat at his workstation, watching lines of code and logs scroll densely across the screen. It was his third consecutive night on duty. The system had just completed a major iteration, and as a key member of the R&D team, Liu had to make sure every module was running stably.
At daybreak, in an electric-vehicle factory, the assembly line was operating at full capacity. Each freshly produced power battery was assigned a special "ID" code. That code would stay with the battery as it entered storage, was loaded onto vehicles and hit the road, accompanying it through its entire lifecycle.
From the laboratory to the factory, this invisible data flow connects every stage of production, circulation, use and recycling across industries. And the underlying infrastructure making all of this possible is the "Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System," which Liu and his colleagues helped build.
In simple terms, the system is like a "digital ID card plus navigation system" for the industrial world. In the real world, everyone has an identity card and every address has a street number; on the internet, every website has a domain name. Likewise, in the era of the industrial internet, every device, component, product and piece of data needs a unique, trustworthy and resolvable digital identity.
The Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System is China's national-level digital infrastructure that supports the generation, query, circulation and management of those digital identities. Built and operated over nearly a decade under the leadership of CAICT, the system has become a fully self-reliant and controllable "digital track" serving China's industrial internet.
In the article "Build China into a Sci-Tech Powerhouse" included in Volume IV of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasized "increasing our country's strength and self-reliance in science and technology, and keeping us well-positioned in vital areas of science, technology and development."
Looking back on the decade-long campaign, Gao Qi, deputy chief engineer at CAICT's Industrial Internet and Internet of Things Research Institute, feels this especially deeply.
"As a critical piece of digital infrastructure, the Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System is a vivid embodiment of this important principle in the field of industrial digitalization," Gao told the Global Times. What this system carries is precisely the historic mission of safeguarding the lifeline of China's digital industry, and achieving industrial self-reliance and controllability, he said.
Pioneering in uncharted territory
Fast-forward to 2015.
By then, Liu had only recently joined the CAICT. Before that, his work had focused mainly on developing software for internet domain-name resolution, so he already had a basic understanding of the underlying logic of "resolution." But when he was assigned to take part in planning and building China's Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System, he knew immediately that this was something entirely different.
At the outset of the project, the most pressing challenge was a classic "chokepoint" problem. China gained full access to the global internet in 1994, which essentially meant the comprehensive adoption of technical protocols, industrial ecosystems and governance rules developed elsewhere. Building a Chinese-owned, independent and controllable identifier resolution system was not a matter of filling in a single missing technology. It meant creating an entire system from scratch. At the time, many in the industry believed the challenge was enormous, and some even said it was "practically impossible."
Why? Gao, one of the key strategic drivers behind the system, recalled that the challenge came on three levels.
First, China then lacked a voice in international standards and had little deep technical accumulation of its own, yet it was expected to build a system capable of covering the entire industrial chain and interoperating with dozens of heterogeneous systems. The technical difficulty was immense.
Second, in a landscape long reliant on foreign technologies, persuading tens of thousands of enterprises to adopt domestic identifiers was an enormous challenge in terms of industrial deployment and promotion. Many people dismissed the idea as sheer fantasy.
Third, with no clear expectation of return on investment, who would take responsibility for pushing the project forward and explore a sustainable operating model?
Gao said that from the project feasibility study stage, the team was thinking simultaneously about the technical roadmap, the system architecture and the industrial ecosystem as a closed loop. "We had to break through core technologies, but we also had to design a mechanism that would ensure companies would be willing to connect to the system and able to benefit from it," he recalled.
On the front line, Liu felt the pressure in a direct and concrete way. Time was tight, the mission was heavy and there was no ready-made experience to copy. Everything had to be researched and designed at the same time, developed and verified in parallel.
"There was also the pressure on the team," Liu told the Global Times. With the team under intense pressure, uncertainty in direction or repeated setbacks could easily cause anxiety among engineers. As both the leader of a development group and the person responsible for core module development, Liu had to solve technical problems while also keeping the team's pace steady.
The work was tense, but Liu felt calm and confident. "The project had already been thoroughly validated by experts and academicians in China, so the direction was clear. What we, as R&D personnel, needed to do was find a way to bring the design goals to life in the system," he said.
It was precisely this belief - the direction is clear, just keep moving forward - that sustained the team as it navigated uncharted territory step by step.
The road from zero to one is never smooth. Liu recalled a particularly tough test the team faced on the eve of deployment, just before the system was to go live. That day, testers suddenly reported a performance bottleneck. It was not a single-point failure; it was the kind of problem that rippled through the entire system, bringing many functions to a standstill. From morning until late at night, then from the early hours until daybreak, Liu and his teammates combed through the code line by line and tested again and again.
"As the launch drew near, it felt like the pressure had automatically spread to everyone," said Liu. "Everyone was staring intently at the system, and no one felt sleepy."
Finally, the problem was precisely identified and fixed. When the testers said the system had "passed," there were no cheers or high-fives. They simply exchanged glances and smiled. "That smile wasn't one of relief. It was the kind of smile that comes after winning a hard-fought battle," Liu told the Global Times. "I was really happy at that moment. Not just because the problem was solved and the system could go live, but because I confirmed something even more important: our team had cohesion. When it mattered most, we didn't fall apart. We could take on the toughest fights."
After countless days and nights, this group of Chinese engineers laid down a solid foundation for China's high-quality industrial development with technology and conviction. The "digital track" was finally in place.
Serve the industrial chain
In the "Build China into a Sci-Tech Powerhouse" included in Volume IV of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, Xi noted that, "we should make solid efforts to promote the deep integration of sci-tech innovation and industrial innovation, and boost new quality productive forces."
On July 8, at a meeting that brought together the national science and technology award conference, the general assemblies of the members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the 11th national congress of the China Association for Science and Technology, Xi further emphasized the need to promote the deep integration of sci-tech innovation with industrial innovation, opening up channels for accelerating the transformation of sci-tech achievements into real productive forces.
The value of technological innovation must ultimately be reflected in industry. From the very beginning, the Industrial Internet Identification and Resolution System was never designed to "publish papers." It was designed to address longstanding pain points in the development of the real economy.
According to Gao, enterprises have long faced three common challenges in the process of digital and intelligent transformation: data could not be found because different systems lacked a unified identity; data could not be connected because cross-company mutual recognition was absent; and data could not be put to good use because intelligent decision-making could not be formed. The Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System was built precisely to tackle these three issues and provide foundational capabilities.
But for a new technology to truly integrate into industry, writing code in front of a computer is not enough. Over the past decade, Gao has led his team on repeated visits to key industries, pushing the system from "technically feasible" to "commercially usable." Liu and his colleagues have also visited many factory workshops and spoken face-to-face with business owners.
"Back in the office, what we saw were system metrics, interfaces, logs and data," Liu said. "But once we were on site, we saw individual parts, production lines and real business processes. It felt completely different."
During field research at enterprises, Liu and his coworkers witnessed firsthand how the system they had helped develop was enabling data connectivity across systems on production lines. They also learned that, in areas such as quality traceability, product management and supply-chain coordination, the system was helping companies reduce management costs and defect rates.
"At that moment, I felt that the identifiers were no longer just something on paper or on a platform - they were really being put to use. And once they start being used, they can go deeper and spread further," Liu recalled. As an R&D engineer, Liu said he felt proud to see companies using the system he had helped develop on the ground. "The late nights and the pressure we went through were all worth it."
Stories like this are countless in the system's rollout. In the new-energy vehicle sector, for example, unified identifiers give each battery pack a unique identity, allowing it to be "recognizable at all times and traceable throughout the chain." In high-end equipment manufacturing, data generated during the operation of large machinery is uploaded in real time through the system and analyzed to predict failure risks, enabling maintenance to be arranged in advance. In the pharmaceutical industry, identifiers make it possible to trace medicines through the entire process: from factory to pharmacy, every box can be verified.
Gao said that he is pleased to see more and more companies have shifted from "I have to use it" to "I want to use it." He told the Global Times the system not only helps enterprises cut costs and improve efficiency in practice, but more importantly, "some scenarios that used to rely on foreign identifier systems are now being gradually replaced by our independently controllable system."
From 'follower' to 'pacesetter'
A decade of dedicated work has yielded a remarkable harvest for China's Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System.
The system now comprises 407 second-level nodes and more than 600,000 connected enterprises; the number of registered identities has surpassed 700 billion, with core indicators ranking among the world's best. The system has been deeply deployed across more than 40 industries, including automotive, electronics, pharmaceuticals and equipment manufacturing, and now covers every province on the Chinese mainland. Viewed globally, it has become one of the largest industrial internet identifier practices in terms of scale, the broadest in application and the most mature in industrial ecosystem.
Looking back on the past decade, Gao summed up the system's journey from "almost impossible" to global leadership as four key leaps.
The first was a strategic breakthrough, when the state explicitly incorporated the identity resolution system into its national strategy and completed the top-level design. The second was a technological breakthrough, marked by the independently designed national top-node architecture and advances in core protocols. The third was large-scale rollout, achieved through the innovative three-tier structure of national top nodes, second-level nodes and enterprise nodes. The fourth was value realization, as identities evolved from simply "enabling connectivity" to "creating value," with deep integration into blockchain, AI and other emerging technologies.
Each leap was driven not by chance, but by the coordinated advancement of technology, industry and ecosystem development. "We did not just build a system. We explored a China-specific path characterized by national strategic guidance, breakthroughs led by research institutions, industry leadership from enterprises and ecosystem co-construction across the industrial chain," Gao told the Global Times.
In Gao's view, the most essential "code" behind the building of this system is a steadfast commitment to greater self-reliance and strength in science and technology. "We did not simply copy foreign technologies. Instead, we focused on national strategic needs and pursued independent innovation, advancing basic research, key technological breakthroughs and industrial applications in parallel."
On July 8, at the meeting bringing together the national science and technology award conference, the general assemblies of the members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the 11th national congress of the China Association for Science and Technology, Xi underscored that, "We must seize the historic opportunity, rise to the challenges of the times, accelerate efforts to achieve high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and make steady progress toward the 2035 goal of becoming a leading country in science and technology."
In the field of the Industrial Internet Identifier Resolution System, China has, over the course of 10 years, transformed itself from a passive "follower" in global internet rules into a "pacesetter," completing the full journey from following, to running alongside, to leading in some areas.
Gao said the greatest significance of building this system lies not only in creating an independent infrastructure, but in forging a development path with Chinese characteristics. "Having our own identifier system means China can participate more proactively in global digital governance and contribute Chinese wisdom in new areas such as trusted identity, trusted data and intelligent interconnectivity, while providing a more solid technological foundation for building a community with a shared future in cyberspace."
On another ordinary evening at work, Liu's desk lamp was still on. He was fine-tuning a new data exchange protocol, while test results flickered continuously across his screen. Nights like this have long become routine for him.
Outside the window, the lights of the city were coming on one by one. Behind him, countless streams of data were flowing, being parsed and transmitted through the system - traces left by products across the global industrial chain, and the digital imprint of China's manufacturing sector as it moves toward high-quality development.
"I work on identity (system) for a day; I'll work on it for a lifetime." That is a phrase Liu often repeats. He says the road from "zero" to "one" has already been carved out; what matters now is to set out once again from "one." Beyond that road lies an even faster digital frontier.
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二 | 近日，奥尼尔在社交平台转发的一张NBA超巨总决赛胜率统计图，再度引爆全网争议。榜单的数据直白且残酷：乔丹六进总决赛全部夺冠，胜率百分之百，是无可争议的历史独一档。

三 | 库里、奥尼尔同样六次踏上最终舞台，四度登顶，总决赛胜率稳定在百分之六十七。而作为NBA历史出场最久、累计荣誉最庞大的超级球星之一，詹姆斯十次闯入总决赛、仅四次夺冠，百分之四十的总决赛胜率，在历史顶级巨星行列里排名垫底。一张简单的数据图，瞬间把一个老生常谈的话题重新推到舆论中心：打进总决赛却频繁失利，到底算不算一种失败？多次拿亚军，真的比不上那些从未站上总决赛舞台的球星吗？很多球迷的对立观点，其实从来不是数据本身，而是大家评判“成功”的标准，从一开始就完全不一样。站在纯粹竞技体育的角度，NBA的终极逻辑从来只有一个——赢下总冠军。在职业篮球的赛场规则里，联盟只认可最终的胜利者，只有冠军会被镌刻进队史、被悬挂旗帜、被定义为一个赛季的赢家。亚军没有荣誉加持，没有官方肯定，甚至在漫长的历史长河里，很多惨烈的总决赛亚军，最终只会被人记住“输掉了最后一战”。所以质疑詹姆斯的一方，逻辑非常清晰且强硬。

四 | 在主流历史前十的巨星当中，詹姆斯是唯一总决赛胜率不足五成的球员。

五 | 在所有手握三座及以上FMVP的历史级超巨里，他也是唯一胜率跌破百分之五十的球星。十次总决赛六次亚军，其中还包含两次被横扫的尴尬记录，这些都是真实存在、无法抹去的赛场结果。支持者眼中“十次总决赛”的伟大履历，在唯结果论的竞技体系里，反而变成了最大短板：频繁抵达顶峰，却没能完成最终收割，这本身就是统治力不足的最好证明。在这套评价体系里，输总决赛，确实不如不进总决赛。因为不进总决赛的球员，从来没有站在聚光灯的最中心，没有经历过决赛舞台的惨败，自然不会留下被碾压、被淘汰的黑历史。没有希望就没有失望，没有登顶的机会，也就不存在错失王朝的遗憾。但如果跳出唯冠军论的单一标准，重新审视詹姆斯的生涯履历，就会发现这套评判逻辑，其实并不公平。

六 | 绝大多数人忽略了一个最核心的事实：能稳定常年打进总决赛，本身就是一件远超绝大多数巨星的历史级难度成就。 NBA七十多年历史，无数天赋炸裂的超级球星终其一生，都未必能触摸一次总决赛地板。有的球星巅峰短暂，昙花一现就陨落；有的球星个人数据华丽，却始终无法带队突破分区重围。而詹姆斯，从2011年到2018年，连续八年带队杀入总决赛。在竞争白热化的东部，在阵容不断更迭、对手持续进化的环境里，八年稳定锁定争冠名额，这种持久的带队统治力，本身就是独一档的历史能力。那些常年止步分区半决赛、分区决赛的球星，没有总决赛败绩，看似履历干净，实则从来没有达到詹姆斯的带队高度。简单来说：无缘总决赛，是实力不够；输掉总决赛，是站在了更高的舞台上和时代最强的对手博弈。

七 | 更关键的是，詹姆斯十次总决赛的征程，从来都不是轻松的顺风局，他遇到的对手，几乎集齐了NBA近二十年的所有王朝级强队。东部时期，他常年对抗巅峰绿军三巨头，多次在铁血防守的围剿中突围；转战热火、骑士、湖人后，又接连遭遇GDP领衔的巅峰马刺、杜兰特加盟的宇宙勇、西部顶级豪强阵容。四次面对勇士、三次对阵马刺，这些队伍都是载入史册的冠军级别阵容，是各个时代的联盟天花板。

八 | 反观乔丹的六次总决赛，对手同样强大，五次西部第一、四支六十胜级别球队，含金量毋庸置疑。但两人最大的区别，从来不是对手强弱，而是阵容基底和时代环境。詹姆斯的多次总决赛失利，充满了客观的无奈。2015年骑士伤兵满营，二当家、三当家全部赛季报销，他以极致的单核阵容硬抗全民皆兵的勇士；2018年更是堪称历史最悲壮的单核总决赛，倾尽所有依旧难敌四星勇士。这些失利，从来不是个人能力崩盘，而是阵容硬实力的客观差距。胜率数据冰冷，不会区分“实力对等落败”和“绝对阵容差距落败”，只会简单记录胜负结果，这也是百分之四十胜率看似拉胯，却无法真实概括其总决赛表现的核心原因。除此之外，詹姆斯生涯最独特的伟大，从来不是胜率能够定义的。他是NBA历史唯一在三支不同球队夺冠、且全部拿下FMVP的球员。

九 | 这意味着无论身处何种体系、何种阵容、何种城市，他都能适配球队、扛起体系、最终带队登顶。

十 | 里奇保罗曾经说过一句很中肯的话：真正打过总决赛、拿过总冠军的球员，才知道登顶有多难。

十一 | 更换三支球队、跨越不同时代、在不同阵容配置下都能拿下最高荣誉，这份适应性、带队能力和大心脏，是很多全胜冠军球员都不具备的特质。

十二 | 聊到这里，我们可以回到所有人最关心的终极问题：百分之四十的总决赛胜率，到底会不会拉低詹姆斯的历史地位？答案很客观：会制造永久争议，但绝不会撼动其历史第一梯队的地位。总决赛胜率，代表的是“最高舞台的终结统治力”，这确实是詹姆斯生涯最大的短板。对比乔丹的全胜封神、邓肯的稳扎稳打、库里的高胜率夺冠，詹姆斯的多次亚军履历，注定会成为历史对比中永恒的槽点，无法洗白、无法回避。但NBA的历史地位评价，从来不是一道单一数据的数学题，而是综合能力、生涯厚度、时代影响力、个人荣誉的全方位叠加。四MVP、四冠、四FMVP、历史得分王、长达二十余年的巅峰续航、无数历史纪录加持，再加上2016年1比3逆天逆转七十三胜勇士的史诗级封神之作，这些厚重的生涯成就，足以对冲胜率带来的短板。

十三 | 我们可以客观承认：詹姆斯没有乔丹那种“只要进决赛就必夺冠”的极致统治力，缺少零瑕疵的王朝履历。但我们同样无法否认：他拥有NBA历史最漫长、最稳定、最具适应性的巅峰生涯。最后回到最初的灵魂拷问：输掉总决赛，真的比不进总决赛更糟糕吗？其实根本没有标准答案，只看你如何定义伟大。如果你认为竞技体育的唯一意义就是夺冠，那亚军就是失败，多次失利就是硬伤，詹姆斯的胜率争议无可辩驳。但如果你认可，伟大不止只有夺冠一种模样，常年站在联盟之巅、和每个时代的最强者交手、一次次拼到最后一刻，本身就是另一种顶级伟大，那十次总决赛的履历，远比平淡无波的生涯更加震撼。